Lead Acid Battery Cathode and Anode: A Comprehensive Overview

The lead acid battery, specifically its cathode and anode components, has undergone significant transformations over the years to become one of the most widely used forms of energy storage today. In this article, we will delve into the history and evolution of lead acid batteries, exploring their advantages and disadvantages compared to other low-maintenance technologies like lithium-ion.

The concept of lead acid batteries dates back to the 19th century when French engineer Gaston Planté discovered that by using lead plates and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, he could create a rechargeable battery. However, it wasn't until the mid-1980s that significant advancements were made in the technology.

Two UK companies, Chloride and Tungstone, simultaneously introduced ten-year-life AGM batteries in capacities up to 400 Ah, spurred on by British Telecom's specification for batteries to support new digital exchanges. This marked a turning point in the development of lead acid batteries, as manufacturers began to implement the technology in cells with conventional flat plates.

One of the most notable innovations was the cyclon, a spiral wound cell with thin lead foil electrodes patented by Gates Rubber Corporation in 1972 and now produced by EnerSys. The modern gel or VRLA battery was invented by Otto Jache of Sonnenschein in 1957, while the first lead-acid gel battery was developed by Elektrotechnische Fabrik Sonneberg in 1934.

VRLA batteries have become widely used in large portable electrical devices, off-grid power systems, and similar roles where large amounts of storage are needed at a lower cost than other low-maintenance technologies. However, it's essential to note that the term 'maintenance-free' is somewhat misleading, as VRLA batteries still require regular cleaning and functional testing.

The construction of gel cells and AGM types of VRLA allows them to be mounted in any orientation without requiring constant maintenance. Both types offer advantages and disadvantages compared to flooded vented lead-acid (VLA) batteries or each other.

AGM batteries feature fiberglass mesh between the battery plates, which serves to contain the electrolyte and separate the plates. Gel cells add silica dust to the electrolyte, forming a thick putty-like gel. There are two primary types of VRLA batteries: absorbent glass mat (AGM) and gel cell (gel battery).

In conclusion, the lead acid battery cathode and anode have undergone significant transformations over the years, driven by advancements in technology and innovations in design. As we continue to rely on these batteries for our energy storage needs, it's essential to understand their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the various types and construction methods that make them suitable for a wide range of applications.

Lead acid battery cathode and anode